SHAMOKIN - Thomas Alva Edison applied for more than 1,000 patents during his illustrious career. He invented the phonograph and the motion picture camera and many other devices.
But it was his three-wire electrical system that altered the lifestyles of people living in a young Shamokin.
It was in 1883, 19 years after Shamokin was incorporated as a borough, that Edison and a large group of spectators watched as three city buildings were the first to be electrified in the city. Just two days prior, Edison had arrived in Shamokin to witness the completion and first successful test of a $25,000 central station incandescent lighting plant located along Independence Street, where Jones Hardware sits today. The plant was only the fourth of its kind in the world at the time.
Edison's visit from Sept. 19 to 22 was the longest of only a few visits he made to Shamokin over the years, but his short stay helped pave the way for rapid growth in the area. His impact gave cause to the organizers of this year's Anthracite Heritage Festival of the Arts to choose "It's Electric" as the theme for this year's 10th anniversary festival, held today and Saturday, in which they'll commemorate Edison's local work. Independence Street has been temporarily renamed "Electric Avenue" as part of the celebration.
'I must not disappoint'
Edison, the seventh child of Samuel Ogden Edison Jr. and Nancy Matthews Elliott, was born Feb. 11, 1847, in Milan, Ohio. He was home-schooled after is mother withdrew him from school at age 7. Later in life, Edison credited his mother with teaching him to read and experiment. He stated, "My mother was the making of me. She was so true, so sure of me; and I felt I had something to live for, someone I must not disappoint."
Edison began his career as the inventor of the automatic telegraphic device, but he became famous in 1877 with the invention of the phonograph, which recorded and reproduced sound. A misconception is that Edison was also the first to invent the light bulb. Various versions had been designed over the preceding half century, but non were capable of providing illumination for every day use.
Edison tested more than 3,000 filaments before he successfully developed the carbonized filament incandescence electric light bulb. His many attempts and failures at perfecting the bulb were perhaps the foundation of one of his most famous lines: "Genius is one percent inspiration, 99 percent perspiration."
Edison furthered his contribution to society by designing a fire-safe and economically viable power generating and distribution system that provided light and power. Edison formed the Edison Electric Illuminating Company of New York, a direct predecessor of Consolidated Edison, also known as Con Ed, in 1880. He began operations at a warehouse on Pearl Street in Manhattan, where he demonstrated his two-wire incandescence illumination system on Sept. 4, 1882.
The two-wire system was flawed, however, because the large diameter transmission line resulted in voltage loss with variable loads. Edison overcame this my inventing the three-wire system, which incorporated a standardized grid featuring equal-diameter electric cables, at a facility in Brockton, Mass.
Local influence
It was in Sunbury where Edison first successfully tested the three-wire system and the use of overhead conductors. According to the Northumberland County Register and Recorder's office, a plant in Sunbury was chartered April 30, 1883, after finding necessary capital in Sunbury and Williamsport. Of the first 16 Edison plants built, six were located in the anthracite region, including in Shamokin and Mount Carmel. It is believed Edison chose to build six plants in the area because of the great availability of coal.
In Sunbury, the system was demonstrated on the evening of July 4, 1883, at the City Hotel, now the site of the hotel that bears his name at Fourth and Market streets. Because of the plant's success, all Edison plants adopted this method. Sunbury has the distinction of being the location of the first successful three-wire plant in the world.
Shamokin capitalists realized the importance of Edison's work and reached out to him to build a plant in their community. In fact, Shamokin had chartered the first Edison Electric Illuminating Company in the county Nov. 29, 1882, but it only raised $5,000 out of $25,000 needed to build a 1,600-light capacity station, according an article in the Shamokin Diamond Jubilee souvenir booklet published in 1939.
The Shamokin Herald reported on May 3, 1883, that a meeting had been held April 30, 1883, in Douty Hall in Shamokin to again attempt to raise the required capital. At that meeting, P.B. Shaw, representing Edison Electric Light Company of New York, asserted that Edison's electricity could be produced cheaper than gas and would be far more superior in every aspect. Residents responded and raised the money. On May 14, 1883, two lots were purchased at the Independence Street site, and a brick building was constructed by August of 1883.
A historic evening
The historic lighting of the three properties took place Friday, Sept. 21, 1883. A crowd watched as the McConnell Mansion along Sunbury Street became the first residential building in Shamokin to be illuminated by electricity. Homeowner Katherine McConnell, an enthusiastic supporter and investor in the company, had consented to have the kitchen of the mansion wired, according to an article in the Centennial Edition of the Shamokin News-Disptach June 26, 1964.
The mansion, last owned by Francis Miles, was demolished May 14, 1969, to make way for Hillcrest Apartments, now called Harold E. Thomas High Rise.
The first commercial building to be lighted was the store of William H. Douty, at the corner of Rock and Sunbury streets, which still stands today. The crowd also witnessed the lighting of St. Edward's Roman Catholic Church, today the site of Mother Cabrini Church, along Shamokin Street. A massive fire April 8, 1971, destroyed any traces that were left of Edison's work.
Claim to fame
Many people claim the church was the first in the world to be powered by electricity. An article in the Shamokin Diamond Jubilee souvenir booklet that was subsequently republished in anniversary booklets in 1964 and 1989 state this as well. However, a church in New Jersey also claims to hold this title.
In April 1883 - five months before Shamokin's plant came online - the First Presbyterian Church in Roselle, N.J., became the first in the country to be lighted when the 30-bulb "electrolier" was installed, according to a website for the city and the church. A electrolier, designed by Edison, is a chandelier consisting of brass sections supporting 30 lights in an inverted dome formation with milk glass reflectors.
Further information that rebuts Shamokin's claim to the church lighting is found in the Centennial Edition of the Shamokin News-Disptach, which states that, according to the Edison Foundation Museum, the first church to be illuminated was the City Temple, London, England, followed by First Presbyterian in Roselle and then St. Edward's. It is more likely, based on this information, that St. Edward's was the first church to be have been illuminated by the three-wire system, but it wasn't the first to be powered by electricity.
Other misconceptions have arisen over Edison's work in the county. Mount Carmel was not the first town in the world, or even Northumberland County, to have electric street lights, according to Hugh A. Jones, a Mount Carmel historian and author of "Edison's Experiment in Northumberland County."
According to the article, which appeared in Northumberland County Historical Society "Proceedings and Addresses," some lights were hung as demonstrations along Oak Street following the successful test of Edison's 500-light electrical plant Jan. 22, 1884, but public street lighting did not come to Mount Carmel until the 1890s. Mount Carmel did become one of the first cities to adopt electricity that did not already have gas.
After the successful test runs in Shamokin and Mount Carmel, general wiring of properties began on a large scale. The Shamokin plant continued to furnish incandescent lighting service until 1900, when the plant was taken over by the Shamokin Light, Heat and Power Company. In 1917, stockholders of the Edison Electric Illuminating Company of Mount Carmel sold their stock to Pennsylvania Lighting Company, which merged with Pa. Power and Light Company in 1920. At the time of merger, the plant had a capacity of 200,000 lamps, according to Jones.
Edison portrait
It is worth mentioning that during Edison's short stay in Shamokin, a quite remarkable portrait was taken of him in the photographic studio of Myron Thomas. Edison himself stated in a letter dated April 7, 1898, to Thomas that the photo was "about the best one that I have ever seen." The reason for the letter was to acquire if the negative was available and how much it would cost per dozen. It's not known what Thomas' response was, and the current location of the letter is unknown.
(Hugh A. Jones, Mount Carmel historian, and author of "Edison's Experiment in Northumberland County" that appears in the Northumberland County Historical Society "Proceedings and Addresses" published on Jan. 1, 1984, contributed to this article.)